Does Use of Face Masks Influence Pain and Performance in Musicians?

AIMS: To analyze headache and pain in the mandibular region as well as the self-perception of fatigue, difficulty and level of performance during instrumental practice when using a face mask. To analyze their influence in relation to the duration of practice. METHODS: Observational study through the completion of an online questionnaire among students and teachers in public conservatories in Spain. RESULTS: In 552 respondents (435 students, 117 teachers), the incidence of headache was 28.6%, being higher in musicians who used the face mask. Regarding jaw pain, 12.5% indicated that their pain increased since its use. However, the differences of pain in both regions and face mask use were not statistically significant. Nearly 40% of the participants indicated an increase in fatigue, tiredness and lowering of performance than before using the mask. Moreover, this percentage was between 66-74% when we analyzed the musicians who use it when playing, obtaining p<0.001 in all 3 variables. As for the duration of rehearsals, the only difference found is between jaw pain and hours/week of practice (p=0.036). CONCLUSION: The use of the face mask significantly affected the self-perception of fatigue, as well as the difficulty and performance of instrumental practice, but was not related to the occurrence of headache and jaw pain in the musicians.

Musculoskeletal pain in musicians: prevalence and risk factors - a systematic review.

Objectives. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and regions of the body in which musculoskeletal injuries occur in musicians, as well as to identify risk factors related to their occurrence. Methods. A search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cinahl databases for publications between 2006 and 2020. Observational studies on the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries or their risk factors in musicians aged 18-65 years were eligible for inclusion, and the methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed. Results. In total, 31 studies on multiple instruments and 17 studies on individual instruments were included. Quality was rated as high in 65% of the studies. Lifetime prevalence of injuries ranged from 46 to 90% and current prevalence from 9 to 63%. The most common region of pain was the neck, being present in all instrument families. Being female is a predisposing factor to the appearance of musculoskeletal problems in musicians. Conclusions. Musicians frequently suffer musculoskeletal injuries. The most common regions of the body in which these injuries occur are the neck and shoulders. Numerous risk factors were found to be predisposing to musculoskeletal injuries. We note that there are fewer studies on specific instruments.

Musculoskeletal pain in musicians: does playing more than one instrument have more effect?

Objectives. Repeated instrumental practice represents a risk factor for the appearance of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). This study aimed to compare the prevalence and characteristics of PRMDs based on location, pain characteristics and number of hours of instrumental practice, in musicians who play one or more musical instruments.Methods. An observational study was conducted with music university students in Spain using a questionnaire.Results: A total of 178 musicians (41%) played a second instrument. Musicians who played only one instrument had a slightly lower mean number of pain sites (M 3.25, SD 1.93; M 3.44, SD 2.27). On the contrary, pain intensity (M 2.72, SD 2.03; M 2.23, SD 1.78 points), pain interference on mood, quality of life and instrumental practice (M 3.04, SD 2.29; M 2.80, SD 2.24 points) as well as the number of hours devoted to instrumental practice (M 21.18, SD 10.47; M 20.03, SD 12.54 h/week) is slightly higher in musicians playing a single instrument.Conclusions. Pain intensity is the only variable of those analysed that presents statistically significant differences when comparing musicians who play a single instrument with those who play a second instrument, being higher in mono-instrumental musicians.

Designing and Evaluation of an Artistic Experience for the Development of Empathic Capacity: "Stepping into Others' Shoes".

This article evaluates an educational experience that uses art to develop empathy. The artistic educational project is called "stepping into others' shoes" and is carried out with 71 students enrolled in the Early Childhood Education and Primary Education degree programs of the University of Vigo. The main objective is to analyze the students' experiences in processes of empathic pedagogical relationships that allow empowerment dynamics of oneself and others. An ethnographic approach is used to evaluate the experience through a group case study design with different qualitative instruments: analysis of artistic production, field diary and life stories. The main results indicate that when art is used for the construction of an empathic identity, the participants of these creative dynamics find it difficult to express their feelings and emotions. However, these processes favor social relationships and mutual recognition, as well as self-knowledge. It facilitates the creation of alternative meeting spaces and the promotion of creativity. Based on these results and their discussion, lines of action are suggested which should allow using art as a resource to develop empathy and promote increased motivation in the classroom.

Emotional intelligence and academic motivation in primary school students.

The role of emotions in the educational context is one of the lines of research that has generated most interest in recent years. This study explores the level of emotional intelligence (EI) and motivation towards studying of primary school (PS) students, as well as the relationship between both variables. For this, a quasi-experimental design has been used with an accidental sample of 541 students from public centers in the province of Pontevedra (Spain). The instruments used were a School Motivation Scale and an EI questionnaire for primary school students, based on the five areas of Goleman EI. The results maintain a mid to high level of EI in all of the factors (self-conscience, self-control, emotional use, empathy and social skills) and a good level of academic motivation. Therefore, they show a positive and significant correlation of both variables. Girls have a higher emotional intelligence index and there is no difference in academic motivation in terms of gender. Based on these results, it is suggested to implement programs that consolidate emotional competences given their importance in the psychoevolutionary development of students and their relationship with academic motivation.

Study of the knowledge about gamification of degree in primary education students.

Gamification refers to the use of game mechanics in non-recreational environments, such as the school environment, in order to enhance motivation, concentration, effort, commitment and other positive values common to all games. Gamification allows us to establish clear objectives that are presented to be overcome. It also offers constant feedback, shows the progression of students, recognizes their effort and it guides them over the course of the teaching and learning process. The aim is to measure the knowledge of future teachers about gamification as a didactic resource. The sample is composed of 164 students of the Degree in Primary Education in Galicia (Spain). The scale obtains a reliability of 0.94 α. The index of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) provides a value of 0.932 and Bartlett's test of sphericity (χ2 = 2739,793; gl = 351, p < .000), ensuring that the factor analysis is right, and the model achieves a good fit. The students of the Degree in Primary Education have not heard of the term gamification, but still consider feasible its implementation in the school environment. The students feel that they don't know enough about this teaching resource, and they are afraid of not achieving the curricular objectives using it as they have no control over the content to be taught.

Can Music Therapy Improve the Quality of Life of Institutionalized Elderly People?

INTRODUCTION: The current population has new characteristics that require changes to be made in the public health system. In the case of the elderly, the concrete aspects of their health must be known to improve the system, in search of a better quality of life and as much independence as possible. METHOD: The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of a music therapy program with institutionalized elderly participants to avoid depressive symptoms and improve social interaction and creativity. This is a group case study that uses a pretest-post-test descriptive design. The program was divided into sixteen sessions, two sessions each week. As inclusion and exclusion criteria, physical dependency and cognitive state were used. RESULTS: The results present an improvement in the physical dimensions of quality of life and an increase in creativity and social interaction. It is recommended that the sessions in the program, aiming to achieve a greater efficiency, are extended because the elderly have very ingrained habits and routines that are very hard to eliminate. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy, a non-pharmacological and worthwhile treatment, is a therapeutic option with proven benefits. Music therapy has the potential to improve health and quality of life in the elderly and also foster the amelioration of various chronic illnesses, such as depression.

Teamwork skills in higher education: is university training contributing to their mastery?

Teamwork skills are considered essential for personal, academic and professional achievement, so universities are increasingly integrating them into their syllabuses. However, little is known about how some specific features of students and their educational development can affect their acquisition. Accordingly, this study aims to fill this gap and describe higher education students' mastery of teamwork skills and its relation to certain socio-academic variables (gender, academic year and grade point average-GPA). With the aim of determining the level of teamwork skills among university students, an observational, transversal descriptive study was designed with an intentional sample of Spanish university students. The sample is made up of 615 social science degree students. The results suggest significant gender differences, highlighting that female students outdid their male counterparts in most teamwork skills, except leadership. Likewise, students' skills improved as they progressed in their studies, particularly those skills related to adaptability and decision-making. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between teamwork skills and GPA, except for interpersonal development. A regression analysis confirmed the influence of both academic year and GPA for women whilst no effect was detected in the case of men. Based on these results, it is suggested to make changes in university education programmes to compensate for the influence of socio-academic factors and benefit from the most positive features of each gender regarding teamwork to achieve an equal and fair higher education.

Mental imagery and anxiety toward death in adolescents.

This study analyzed the influence of the image of death (positive or negative) and gender on death anxiety and assessed several subscales of the Death Attitude Profile-Revised in a sample of 280 compulsory secondary education students. Individuals with a positive image of death were found to exhibit less death anxiety than individuals with a negative image of death, and death anxiety was higher in boys than girls. Students with a positive image of death had greater Approach Acceptance, less Fear of Death, less Death Avoidance, more Escape Acceptance, and more Neutral Acceptance than students with a negative image of death.

Teamwork skills in higher education: is university training contributing to their mastery?

Teamwork skills are considered essential for personal, academic and professional achievement, so universities are increasingly integrating them into their syllabuses. However, little is known about how some specific features of students and their educational development can affect their acquisition. Accordingly, this study aims to fill this gap and describe higher education students' mastery of teamwork skills and its relation to certain socio-academic variables (gender, academic year and grade point average—GPA). With the aim of determining the level of teamwork skills among university students, an observational, transversal descriptive study was designed with an intentional sample of Spanish university students. The sample is made up of 615 social science degree students. The results suggest significant gender differences, highlighting that female students outdid their male counterparts in most teamwork skills, except leadership. Likewise, students' skills improved as they progressed in their studies, particularly those skills related to adaptability and decision-making. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between teamwork skills and GPA, except for interpersonal development. A regression analysis confirmed the influence of both academic year and GPA for women whilst no effect was detected in the case of men. Based on these results, it is suggested to make changes in university education programmes to compensate for the influence of socio-academic factors and benefit from the most positive features of each gender regarding teamwork to achieve an equal and fair higher education. (AU)

Emotional intelligence and academic motivation in primary school students

The role of emotions in the educational context is one of the lines of research that has generated most interest in recent years. This study explores the level of emotional intelligence (EI) and motivation towards studying of primary school (PS) students, as well as the relationship between both variables. For this, a quasi-experimental design has been used with an accidental sample of 541 students from public centers in the province of Pontevedra (Spain). The instruments used were a School Motivation Scale and an EI questionnaire for primary school students, based on the five areas of Goleman EI. The results maintain a mid to high level of EI in all of the factors (self-conscience, self-control, emotional use, empathy and social skills) and a good level of academic motivation. Therefore, they show a positive and significant correlation of both variables. Girls have a higher emotional intelligence index and there is no difference in academic motivation in terms of gender. Based on these results, it is suggested to implement programs that consolidate emotional competences given their importance in the psychoevolutionary development of students and their relationship with academic motivation.

Socio-Emotional Skills in Adolescence. Influence of Personal and Extracurricular Variables.

Social-emotional skills have been an important object of study in recent years due to their relationship with academic, personal and professional success. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between these skills and different influential variables. The participants had a mean age of 14.18 years. The instruments used were the Social Emotional Competence Questionnaire (SECQ) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PACQ-A). Generally, the results indicated gender differences and no influence of age. Those who engaged in after-school activities scored higher on social awareness. In addition, artistic and musical extracurricular activities were associated with social-emotional skills, whereas sports activities were not. It was also found that the physical activity index was not related to socioemotional factors, except in self-awareness and in a negative way. It is necessary to analyse the quality of the extracurricular programmes offered and the training of the professionals in charge of their development. It also seems important to take into account the gender perspective in competence work, increasing self-management in girls and relationship management in boys.

Influence of the Perception of Barriers in Practice of PA in Adolescents: Explanatory Model.

BACKGROUND: Sedentarism is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. To avoid it, it is necessary to establish the barriers which influence a low level of practice of Physical Activity. METHODS: This study, conducted with 833 students, aims to describe a model to explain the barriers determining the level of practice of Physical Activity in adolescents according to age, school year, BMI and gender. The inclusion of the analyzed barriers followed the tetra-factorial model: Body image/physical and social anxiety; Tiredness/laziness; Responsibilities/lack of time and Environment/facilities. RESULTS: The barriers to Physical Activity in adolescents are fatigue and sloth, and temporary obligations. The barrier that least influences the practice of Physical Activity is the environment and body image. It is determined that the subjects with the lowest Physical Activity index were those with a high fatigue and laziness score and higher age. The level of physical activity of this population is medium (95% CI, 2.8274-2.9418). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to overcome tiredness or apathy towards the practice of Physical Activity, especially in those under 16 years of age.

Therapeutic Achievements of a Program Based on Drama Therapy, the Theater of the Oppressed, and Psychodrama With Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence.

This case study aims to determine the efficacy of a program based on drama therapy, theater of the oppressed, and psychodrama to reduce psychological malaise (post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depression, anxiety) and sexist stereotypes, and improve self-esteem, quality of life, life purpose, and communication skills in women victims of intimate partner violence. A pretest and a posttest were administered to a single group using psychometric instruments; in addition, an evaluation of the process was done using participatory observation. Findings show a statistically significant reduction of depression and increase in life purpose. Qualitative analyses suggest development of personal and social competencies and the elaboration of trauma.

Eficacia de los programas de musicoterapia: un metanálisis cualitativo / Eficácia dos programas de musicoterapia: uma meta-análise qualitativa / Efficacy of music therapy programs: a qualitative meta-analysis

Resumen El aumento de enfermedades transmisibles justifica la necesidad de verificar la eficacia no farmacológica de los tratamientos alternativos. La música promueve las interacciones sociales y el trabajo en grupo, ayuda en varios aspectos del aprendizaje humano, la emoción y la memoria, y puede convertirse en una herramienta terapéutica complementaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evidencia de la eficacia de la musicoterapia como tratamiento no farmacológico mediante un diseño descriptivo retrospectivo utilizando como parámetros de búsqueda: "musicoterapia" o "programas musicales" y "salud" en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. Entre los principales resultados, destacamos que los programas de intervención que utilizan la música como tratamiento coadyuvante no farmacológico en enfermedades no transmisibles ofrecen resultados positivos y significativos sobre la mejora de las patologías en las que interviene. A partir de estos resultados, sería importante ampliar la formación de los profesionales de la salud en la aplicación de técnicas basadas en el arte y específicamente en la musicoterapia.

Resumo O aumento das doenças transmissíveis justifica a necessidade de verificar a eficácia não farmacológica de tratamentos alternativos. A música promove interações sociais e trabalho em grupo, auxilia em vários aspectos da aprendizagem humana, emoção e memória, e pode se tornar uma ferramenta terapêutica complementar. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia da musicoterapia como tratamento não farmacológico por meio de um desenho descritivo retrospectivo utilizando como parâmetros de busca: "musicoterapia" ou "programas de música" e "saúde" nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science. Dentre os principais resultados, destacamos que os programas de intervenção que utilizam a música como coadjuvante não farmacológico nas doenças não transmissíveis oferecem resultados positivos e significativos na melhora das patologias em que intervém. Com base nesses resultados, seria importante ampliar a formação dos profissionais de saúde na aplicação de técnicas baseadas na arte e especificamente na musicoterapia.

Abstract The increase in communicable diseases justifies the need to verify the non-pharmacological efficacy of alternative treatments. Music promotes social interactions and group work, helps in various aspects of human learning, emotion, and memory, and can become a complementary therapeutic tool. This study aimed to analyse the efficacy of music therapy as a non-pharmacological treatment through a retrospective descriptive design using as search parameters: "music therapy" or "music programs" and "health" in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Among the main results, we highlight that the intervention programs that use music as an adjunctive non-pharmacological treatment in non-communicable diseases offer positive and significant results on the improvement of the pathologies in which it intervenes. Based on these results, it would be important to expand the training of health professionals in the application of techniques based on art and specifically in music therapy.

Eficacia de los programas de musicoterapia: un metanálisis cualitativo / Eficácia dos programas de musicoterapia: uma meta-análise qualitativa / Efficacy of music therapy programs: a qualitative meta-analysis

Resumen El aumento de enfermedades transmisibles justifica la necesidad de verificar la eficacia no farmacológica de los tratamientos alternativos. La música promueve las interacciones sociales y el trabajo en grupo, ayuda en varios aspectos del aprendizaje humano, la emoción y la memoria, y puede convertirse en una herramienta terapéutica complementaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evidencia de la eficacia de la musicoterapia como tratamiento no farmacológico mediante un diseño descriptivo retrospectivo utilizando como parámetros de búsqueda: "musicoterapia" o "programas musicales" y "salud" en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. Entre los principales resultados, destacamos que los programas de intervención que utilizan la música como tratamiento coadyuvante no farmacológico en enfermedades no transmisibles ofrecen resultados positivos y significativos sobre la mejora de las patologías en las que interviene. A partir de estos resultados, sería importante ampliar la formación de los profesionales de la salud en la aplicación de técnicas basadas en el arte y específicamente en la musicoterapia.

Resumo O aumento das doenças transmissíveis justifica a necessidade de verificar a eficácia não farmacológica de tratamentos alternativos. A música promove interações sociais e trabalho em grupo, auxilia em vários aspectos da aprendizagem humana, emoção e memória, e pode se tornar uma ferramenta terapêutica complementar. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia da musicoterapia como tratamento não farmacológico por meio de um desenho descritivo retrospectivo utilizando como parâmetros de busca: "musicoterapia" ou "programas de música" e "saúde" nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science. Dentre os principais resultados, destacamos que os programas de intervenção que utilizam a música como coadjuvante não farmacológico nas doenças não transmissíveis oferecem resultados positivos e significativos na melhora das patologias em que intervém. Com base nesses resultados, seria importante ampliar a formação dos profissionais de saúde na aplicação de técnicas baseadas na arte e especificamente na musicoterapia.

Abstract The increase in communicable diseases justifies the need to verify the non-pharmacological efficacy of alternative treatments. Music promotes social interactions and group work, helps in various aspects of human learning, emotion, and memory, and can become a complementary therapeutic tool. This study aimed to analyse the efficacy of music therapy as a non-pharmacological treatment through a retrospective descriptive design using as search parameters: "music therapy" or "music programs" and "health" in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Among the main results, we highlight that the intervention programs that use music as an adjunctive non-pharmacological treatment in non-communicable diseases offer positive and significant results on the improvement of the pathologies in which it intervenes. Based on these results, it would be important to expand the training of health professionals in the application of techniques based on art and specifically in music therapy.

Evaluación de los hábitos de alimentación y actividad física en escolares gallegos / Evaluation of food habits and physical activity in Galician students

Introducción: la obesidad causa millones de muertes anuales. Su elevada prevalencia en niños y adolescentes de países del sur de Europa, entre ellos España, se asocia con las nuevas preferencias alimentarias y la disminución de actividad física. Objetivos: evaluar la calidad de la dieta y la práctica de actividad física en escolares gallegos para valorar la necesidad de modificar las estrategias actuales de intervención en estilos de vida. Métodos: se estudiaron 662 niños de Galicia (9-17 años). Se calculó su índice de masa corporal (IMC) como indicador de adiposidad. El patrón alimentario se evaluó con el cuestionario Kidmed y la actividad física con el PAQ-C. Se estratificó la muestra en función del IMC de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales de Cole. Los datos se analizan con el paquete SPSS. Resultados: el 56% de los escolares están en riesgo elevado de malnutrición por exceso o necesitan mejorar su alimentación. La adherencia media al patrón alimentario mediterráneo fue baja (7,64 ± 2,28), empeorando significativamente con la edad y la adiposidad. El nivel de actividad física medio fue moderado (3,02 ± 0,74), significativamente menor en niñas y adolescentes. El 58% mostraron un nivel bajo-moderado de actividad física. La calidad de la dieta se correlacionó positivamente con la actividad física y negativamente con el IMC. Conclusiones: los escolares gallegos presentaron un patrón alimentario y de actividad física de riesgo en relación con las recomendaciones nacionales/internacionales. Tras varios años de campañas de concienciación e intervenciones sobre estilos de vida, continúa siendo necesario mejorar la dieta y aumentar la práctica física-deportiva

Introduction: obesity causes millions of deaths each year. Its high prevalence in children and adolescents from southern European countries, including Spain, is associated with the new food preferences and decreased physical activity. Objectives: to evaluate diet quality and physical activity in Galician schoolchildren in order to assess if modifying the current intervention strategies in lifestyles is required. Methods: in the present study, 662 students from the south of Galicia were studied (9-17 years). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as adiposity indicator. The dietary pattern was evaluated through the Kidmed test and physical activity with PAQ-C. The sample was stratified by BMI according to Cole international standards. Data were analysed with the SPPS software. Results: fifty-six per cent of children are at high risk of overnutrition or need to improve their nutrition. The average adherence to the Mediterranean diet was low (7.64 ± 2.28), worsening with age and adiposity significantly. The average level of physical activity was moderate (3.02 ± 0.74) and it was lower in girls and adolescents; 58 % showed a low-moderate level of physical activity. Quality diet was positively correlated with physical activity and negatively with BMI. Conclusions: Galician students showed a diet and physical activity risky pattern according to international/national recommendations. After several years of awareness campaigns and lifestyle interventions, improving their diet and increasing physical activity is still necessary

[Evaluation of food habits and physical activity in Galician students]. / Evaluación de los hábitos de alimentación y actividad física en escolares gallegos.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: obesity causes millions of deaths each year. Its high prevalence in children and adolescents from southern European countries, including Spain, is associated with the new food preferences and decreased physical activity. Objective: to evaluate diet quality and physical activity in Galician schoolchildren in order to assess if modifying the current intervention strategies in lifestyles is required. Methods: in the present study, 662 students from the south of Galicia were studied (9-17 years). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as adiposity indicator. The dietary pattern was evaluated through the Kidmed test and physical activity with PAQ-C. The sample was stratified by BMI according to Cole international standards. Data were analysed with the SPPS software. Results: fifty-six per cent of children are at high risk of overnutrition or need to improve their nutrition. The average adherence to the Mediterranean diet was low (7.64 ± 2.28), worsening with age and adiposity significantly. The average level of physical activity was moderate (3.02 ± 0.74) and it was lower in girls and adolescents; 58% showed a low-moderate level of physical activity. Quality diet was positively correlated with physical activity and negatively with BMI. Conclusions: Galician students showed a diet and physical activity risky pattern according to international/national recommendations. After several years of awareness campaigns and lifestyle interventions, improving their diet and increasing physical activity is still necessary.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad causa millones de muertes anuales. Su elevada prevalencia en niños y adolescentes de países del sur de Europa, entre ellos España, se asocia con las nuevas preferencias alimentarias y la disminución de actividad física. Objetivos: evaluar la calidad de la dieta y la práctica de actividad física en escolares gallegos para valorar la necesidad de modificar las estrategias actuales de intervención en estilos de vida. Métodos: se estudiaron 662 niños de Galicia (9-17 años). Se calculó su índice de masa corporal (IMC) como indicador de adiposidad. El patrón alimentario se evaluó con el cuestionario Kidmed y la actividad física con el PAQ-C. Se estratificó la muestra en función del IMC de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales de Cole. Los datos se analizan con el paquete SPSS. Resultados: el 56% de los escolares están en riesgo elevado de malnutrición por exceso o necesitan mejorar su alimentación. La adherencia media al patrón alimentario mediterráneo fue baja (7,64 ± 2,28), empeorando significativamente con la edad y la adiposidad. El nivel de actividad física medio fue moderado (3,02 ± 0,74), significativamente menor en niñas y adolescentes. El 58% mostraron un nivel bajo-moderado de actividad física. La calidad de la dieta se correlacionó positivamente con la actividad física y negativamente con el IMC. Conclusiones: los escolares gallegos presentaron un patrón alimentario y de actividad física de riesgo en relación con las recomendaciones nacionales/internacionales. Tras varios años de campañas de concienciación e intervenciones sobre estilos de vida, continúa siendo necesario mejorar la dieta y aumentar la práctica física-deportiva.

Beneficios de un programa grupal de tratamiento no farmacológico en el afrontamiento del cáncer en mujeres españolas. Una síntesis cualitativa / Benefits of a non-pharmacological treatment group program in coping with cancer in Spanish women. A qualitative synthesis

Resumen En el presente trabajo se analizan los beneficios de un programa grupal de tratamiento no farmacológico realizado por la Asociación Española contra el Cáncer en Galicia (España). Se analizaron 14 ediciones del programa en las que participaron 361 mujeres con cáncer de edades comprendidas entre los 33 y los 82 años. Se adoptó un diseño descriptivo de carácter etnográfico triangulando las técnicas de análisis y las fuentes de recogida de datos por medio de un cuestionario de satisfacción, 32 entrevistas en profundidad y un grupo de discusión con profesionales. Los resultados apoyan la idea de que el programa grupal analizado ha conseguido un elevado grado de satisfacción entre las mujeres participantes en todas las ediciones, ha favorecido la aceptación y el afrontamiento positivo de la enfermedad, aumentado los conocimientos y las habilidades para resolver los problemas relacionados con el proceso, así como promovido las relaciones sociales, la participación en la comunidad y el apoyo social. Desde el punto de vista práctico y profesional, nuestro estudio evidencia la importancia de diseñar e implementar programas grupales desde el ámbito psicosocial y con carácter interdisciplinar que permitan mejorar las estrategias de afrontamiento y el apoyo en poblaciones de mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer.

Abstract The study aims to determine the benefits of a non-pharmacological treatment and communitarian program carried out by the Spanish Association against Cancer in Galicia (Spain). The total of 14 editions of the program were analyzed in which 361 women with cancer between the ages of 32 and 84 participated. A descriptive ethnographic design was adopted, triangulating the analysis techniques and data collection sources using a satisfaction questionnaire, 32 in-depth interviews and a discussion group with professionals. The results support the idea that the group program analyzed has achieved a high degree of satisfaction among women participating in all editions, has favored the acceptance and positive coping with disease, increased knowledge and skills to solve related problems with the process, as well as promoted social relations, participation in the community and social support. From the practical and professional point of view, our research shows the importance of designing and implementing group programs from the psychosocial and interdisciplinary field that allow improving coping strategies and support in populations of women diagnosed with cancer.

Characteristics of physical activity during recess: an analysis with Galician Elementary and Secondary Education students / Características de la actividad física en el recreo: un análisis con alumnado gallego de educación primaria y secundaria

Introduction: The analysis of the characteristics of physical activity during recess is highly important in the fight against childhood obesity rates and the sedentary lifestyle at an early age. There is a need to broaden the knowledge on this topic, delving into the types of activities, their intensity, the geographical area in which they are carried out, etc. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of physical activity during recess in the last two years of Elementary Education and Compulsory Secondary Education in schools of the Atlantic axis. Material and method: The study involved 707 students from Galicia (Spain). 49.08% were male students with an average age of 13.25 ± 1.76 years and 50.91% were female students, with an average age of 13.22 ± 1.77 years. The independent variables were sex, educational level and grade. The dependent variables included the activities performed during recess and their intensity. Data collected used the Recess Physical Activity Recall (Martínez-Gómez et al., 2010) instrument. Results: It was found that recess time was basically spent eating, resting, going down or up the stairs. Girls played mostly sports for the fun of it and walked more. Boys practiced more competitive sports. The intensity of physical activity was low, with male students and elementary school students being significantly more active. Conclusions: The time that students spend practicing sports is very limited. The choice of sports is different depending on the sex. The highest activity rates occur after the first ten minutes and are maintained until the end of recess. Greater efforts are needed to change the culture of recreation, optimize time and redesign spaces, placing the focus especially on women and Secondary Education students

Introducción: El análisis de las características de la actividad física durante el recreo es de gran importancia en la lucha contra las tasas de obesidad infantil y el estilo de vida sedentario en edades tempranas. Se necesita ampliar el conocimiento sobre este tema, profundizando en la tipología de actividades, su intensidad, la zona geográfica, etc. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar las características de la actividad física durante el recreo en los dos últimos cursos de Educación Primaria y en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en centros del eje atlántico. Material y método: El estudio incluyó a 707 estudiantes de Galicia (España). El 49,08% son varones con una edad media de 13,25 ± 1,76 años y el 50.91% son mujeres, con una edad media de 13,22 ± 1,77 años. Las variables independientes fueron sexo, etapa educativa y curso. Las variables dependientes incluyeron las actividades realizadas durante el recreo y su intensidad. El instrumento utilizado para la recogida de datos fue el Recess Physical Activity Recall (Martínez-Gómez et al., 2010). Resultados: El tiempo de recreo se pasaba básicamente comiendo, descansando, bajando o subiendo las escaleras. Las niñas practicaban fundamentalmente deportes con un objetivo no competitivo (para divertirse) y caminaban más. Los niños practicaron más deportes competitivos. La intensidad de la actividad física fue baja, siendo los varones y el alumnado de primaria significativamente más activos. Conclusiones: El tiempo que el alumnado dedica a ejercitarse en deportes es muy bajo. La elección de deportes es diferente en función del sexo. Los mayores índices de actividad se producen pasados los diez primeros minutos y se mantienen hasta el final. Son necesarios mayores esfuerzos para cambiar la cultura del recreo, optimizar el tiempo y rediseñar los espacios, poniendo el foco de atención especialmente en las mujeres y el alumnado de Educación Secundaria